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Table of Contents
Class 10 Science Chapter 6 Important Questions
1. Differences between Autotropic and Heterotrophic Nutrition.
There are two basic ways organisms get their food: autotrophic and heterotrophic. The main distinctions are as follows:
Autotrophic Nutrition
- Definition: Organisms use inorganic materials to create their nourishment.
- Sources of Energy: Chemical energy (in chemosynthetic organisms) or sunlight (in photosynthetic species) is mostly employed.
- Examples: Plants, algae, and some bacteria.
- Process: Involves activities such as chemosynthesis (for some bacteria) or photosynthesis (for plants).
- Nutrient Requirements: Need only basic inorganic materials, such as water and carbon dioxide.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
- Definition: Organisms must eat other organisms or organic substances because they are unable to create their food.
- Sources of Energy: Energy can be obtained by digesting complex organic substances found in food.
- Examples: Animals, fungi, and most bacteria.
- Process: Involves processes such as digestion and absorption of nutrients.
- Nutrient Requirements: Require complex organic substances, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Summary
In summary, autotrophic nutrition involves self-synthesis of food from inorganic materials, while heterotrophic nutrition requires the consumption of other organisms for energy and nutrients.
2. Differences between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration are two types of cellular respiration that organisms use to produce energy. Here are the key differences:
Aerobic Respiration
- Oxygen Requirement: Requires oxygen to proceed.
- Energy Yield: Produces a high amount of energy (approximately 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule).
- End Products: Produces water and carbon dioxide as byproducts.
- Process Location: Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
- Organisms: Common in animals, plants, and many microorganisms.
Anaerobic Respiration
- Oxygen Requirement: Occurs in the absence of oxygen.
- Energy Yield: Produces a lower amount of energy (approximately 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule).
- End Products: Produces various byproducts, such as lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (in yeast).
- Process Location: Takes place in the cytoplasm of cells.
- Organisms: Common in some bacteria, yeast, and in muscle cells during intense exercise.
Summary
In summary, aerobic respiration requires oxygen and produces more energy with carbon dioxide and water as byproducts, while anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen, yielding less energy and producing different byproducts depending on the organism.
3. Differences between Respiration and Photosynthesis.
Respiration and photosynthesis are essential biological processes, but they serve opposite functions. The main distinctions between them are as follows:
1. Purpose
- Respiration: Converts glucose and oxygen into energy (ATP) for cellular activities.
- Photosynthesis: Using carbon dioxide and water, photosynthesis transforms light energy into chemical energy that is stored in glucose.
2. Organisms Involved
- Respiration: Occurs in all living organisms, including animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms.
- Photosynthesis: Primarily occurs in plants, algae, and some bacteria that contain chlorophyll.
3. Chemical Reactions
- Respiration:
- Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂ → 6CO₂+6H₂O+energy (ATP)
- Involves the breakdown of glucose.
- Photosynthesis:
- Equation: 6CO₂+6H₂O+light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂
- Involves the synthesis of glucose.
4. Energy Transformation
- Respiration: Releases energy stored in glucose.
- Photosynthesis: Captures and stores energy from sunlight.
5. Occurrence
- Respiration: Takes place continuously in all living cells.
- Photosynthesis: Occurs mainly during the day when light is available.
Summary
In summary, respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to release energy, while photosynthesis is the process of using light energy to create glucose. They are interconnected processes that sustain life on Earth.
4. Differences between Lymph and Blood.
Lymph and blood are both vital fluids in the circulatory system, but they serve different functions and have distinct characteristics. The main distinctions are as follows:
1. Composition
- Blood: Composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma (which contains water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, and waste products).
- Lymph: Primarily composed of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell), proteins, and a clear fluid called lymph, which is derived from interstitial fluid.
2. Function
- Blood: Responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body; also plays a role in immune response and temperature regulation.
- Lymph: Functions mainly in the immune system by transporting lymphocytes and facilitating the removal of toxins and waste from tissues; also helps maintain fluid balance in the body.
3. Circulation
- Blood: Circulates continuously through a closed system of blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries) powered by the heart.
- Lymph: Circulates through the lymphatic system, which is an open system; lymph is transported through lymphatic vessels and returned to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct.
4. Color
- Blood: Typically, red due to the presence of hemoglobin in red blood cells (appears bright red when oxygenated and dark red when deoxygenated).
- Lymph: Usually clear or slightly yellow, depending on the presence of fats (chyle) or proteins.
5. Pressure
- Blood: Maintains a higher pressure within the circulatory system, essential for nutrient and oxygen delivery.
- Lymph: Operates under lower pressure, relying on muscle contractions and valves to facilitate movement.
Summary
In summary, blood and lymph have different compositions, functions, circulation methods, colors, and pressure levels. While blood is crucial for transporting substances throughout the body, lymph plays a key role in immune response and fluid balance.
5. Differences between Artery and Vein.
The five main distinctions between veins and arteries are as follows:
1. Direction of Blood Flow
- Artery: Carries blood away from the heart to the body or lungs.
- Vein: Carries blood back to the heart from the body or lungs.
2. Oxygen Content
- Artery: Generally, carries oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs).
- Vein: Generally, transports deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary vein, which brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
3. Wall Structure
- Artery: Has thick, muscular, and elastic walls to withstand high pressure from the heart’s pumping action.
- Vein: Has thinner walls with less muscle and elasticity, designed to operate under lower pressure.
4. Lumen Size
- Artery: Has a narrower lumen (the central cavity through which blood flows).
- Vein: Has a wider lumen to accommodate a larger volume of blood.
5. Valves
- Artery: Does not have valves (except for valves at the heart).
- Vein: Contains valves that prevent backflow of blood and ensure one-way flow toward the heart.
Summary
In summary, arteries and veins differ in the direction of blood flow, oxygen content, wall structure, lumen size, and the presence of valves, reflecting their distinct roles in the circulatory system.
6. Differences between Xylem and Phloem.
Here are six key differences between xylem and phloem:
1. Function
- Xylem: Responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to other parts of the plant.
- Phloem: Carries organic nutrients, mainly sugars generated during photosynthesis, from the leaves to various parts of the plant.
2. Structure
- Xylem: Composed of vessel elements, tracheids, and fibers; cells are typically dead at maturity.
- Phloem: Composed of sieve tube elements and companion cells; cells are living at maturity.
3. Direction of Transport
- Xylem: Moves water and minerals unidirectionally, flowing upward from the roots to the leaves.
- Phloem: Transports nutrients bidirectionally, adjusting according to the plant’s requirements.
4. Presence of Lignin
- Xylem: Contains lignin, which provides strength and support to the plant structure.
- Phloem: Lacks lignin; has a more flexible structure to facilitate the flow of nutrients.
5. Response to Damage
- Xylem: If damaged, it cannot easily regenerate; damaged xylem typically results in loss of water transport.
- Phloem: Can often regenerate more easily after damage, allowing for continued transport of nutrients.
6. Location in the Plant
- Xylem: Usually located toward the interior of the plant stem or root.
- Phloem: Typically found just beneath the bark in stems and roots, closer to the exterior.
Summary
In summary, xylem and phloem serve distinct roles in the plant’s vascular system, differing in function, structure, direction of transport, presence of lignin, response to damage, and their location within the plant.
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